Question 1 of 5
The irrigation device called ‘Araghatta’ was
A
A water bag made of leather pulled over a pulley
B
A large wheel with earthen pots tied to the outer ends of its spokes
C
A larger earthen pot driven by bullocks
D
A large water bucket pulled up by rope directly by hand
Why: ‘Araghatta’ refers to the Persian wheel, an ancient irrigation device used in medieval India. It consists of a large wheel with earthen pots tied to its spokes, rotated by bullocks or other animals to lift water from wells or rivers for irrigation. This technology was introduced during the medieval period and widely used in regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat. Option B correctly describes this mechanism, distinguishing it from other water-lifting devices like the leather bag (swape) or direct bucket systems.[1]
Question 2 of 5
In medieval India, the term “Fanam” referred to:
A
Clothing
B
Coins
C
Ornaments
D
Weapons
Why: In medieval India, particularly in South India under the Chera, Chola, and Vijayanagara kingdoms, 'Fanam' was a gold coin used in trade and transactions. It was a small denomination coin, often weighing around 0.8 grams, and played a key role in the regional economy, especially in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Historical records like inscriptions and traveler accounts confirm its use as currency, not for clothing, ornaments, or weapons. Thus, option B is correct.[1]
Question 3 of 5
With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:
1. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud-din Khalji.
2. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi and besieged the city.
3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of north-west of his kingdom to Mongols.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A
1 and 3 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2 and 3
Why: Statement 1 is correct: The first Mongol invasion occurred in 1221 during Jalal-ud-din Khalji's reign. Statement 2 is incorrect: While Mongols raided during Alauddin's time, they did not besiege Delhi; Alauddin repelled them at Ravi and Jaran-Manjur. Statement 3 is correct: Muhammad bin Tughlaq lost northwestern territories temporarily to Mongols in 1329-30 due to his military expeditions. Thus, statements 1 and 3 are correct, making option A the right choice.[1]
Question 4 of 5
What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism?
Why: This is a comprehensive 10-mark model answer (approx. 420 words) covering introduction, structured points with examples, and conclusion as per UPSC expectations. It draws from historical debates documented in their letters and writings.
Question 5 of 5
How did colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression?
Why: This model answer (approx. 380 words) for a 15-mark question follows UPSC structure: intro, detailed points with examples, and conclusion. It balances impacts and responses factually.
