Quick recall · 237 cards
Short MCQ-style retrieval prompts. Tap a card to reveal the answer.
PYQ · 2026
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A 20 m chain contains how many links?
A · 100
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How many kinds of obstacles of chaining are there?
B · 3
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While measuring a line between two stations A and B intervened by a raised ground, which of the following is obstructed?
C · Both vision and chaining get obstructed
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In chain surveying, fieldwork is limited to:
A · Linear measurements only
PYQ · 2017
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The observed bearings of a traverse are given below. The station(s) most likely to be affected by the local attraction is/are:
(A) Only R (B) Only S (C) R and S (D) P and Q
A · Only R
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A bearing noted N 45° E represents?
A · Quadrantal System
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In which compass, the graduations are marked as south with 0° and north with 180°?
B · Surveyor's Compass
PYQ
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Which of the following is not the most convenient and portable instrument for direct measurement of directions?
(a) Prismatic compass (b) Surveyor's compass (c) Theodolite (d) Sextant
C · Theodolite
PYQ · 2017
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The method of orientation used when the plane table occupies a position not yet located on the map is called:
D · D) Resection
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How many methods of plane table surveying are there?
B · B) 4
PYQ · 2022
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Plane table (PT) surveying is a ______ method.
A · A) Graphical
PYQ
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Which method of plane table surveying is most suitable for surveying hilly country where it is difficult to measure horizontal distances?
B · B) Intersection
PYQ · 2023
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The eccentricity of the inner and outer arms (or axes) in a theodolite can cause errors in angular measurements. This error can be eliminated by:
B · Taking mean of two vernier readings
PYQ
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What do the green areas on the topographic map represent?
A · Forests or vegetation
PYQ · 2018
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Determine the contour interval for the topographic map.
B · 20 m
The contour interval is determined by the difference in elevation between adjacent labeled contour lines. For this map, adjacent contours differ by 20 m, making option B correct.[7]
PYQ · 2018
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How many mountain tops does this contour map have?
C · Three
PYQ
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The value of multiplying constant is generally taken as ______
A. 60
B. 80
C. 90
D. 100
D · 100
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Match List I with List II:
A. Correction for sag
B. Least count 30'
C. Overlap
D. Additive Constant
List II:
1. Tacheometer
2. Aerial Photograph
3. Base line
4. Prismatic compass
A · A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
PYQ
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Which of the following surveying methods is meant to be having high precision?
C · Aerial photogrammetry
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What is maximum accuracy of ODM devices?
A · 1 in 100
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The accuracy of EDM devices are ______.
C · 1 in 10000
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What is the primary purpose of chain surveying in civil engineering?
A · To measure horizontal distances on the ground
Chain surveying is mainly used for measuring horizontal distances and plotting the ground features accurately.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chain surveying?
C · Involves complex angular measurements
Chain surveying involves only linear measurements and does not require angular measurements, making it simple and suitable for small areas.
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Which principle forms the basis of chain surveying?
A · Measurement of horizontal distances only
Chain surveying is based on the principle of measuring only horizontal distances and plotting the details accordingly.
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Which equipment is essential for chain surveying?
A · Chain, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bob
Chain surveying requires basic equipment such as chain for measurement, arrows for marking points, ranging rods for alignment, and plumb bob for vertical reference.
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What is the function of arrows in chain surveying?
A · To mark the end of each chain length on the ground
Arrows are small metal or wooden markers used to mark the end of each chain length to avoid confusion during measurement.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain, arrows, and ranging rods setup. Which part is used to maintain the chain in a straight line during measurement?
A · Ranging rods
Ranging rods are placed at intervals to help align the chain in a straight line between stations.
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Which type of chain is commonly used for chain surveying?
A · Metric chain
Metric chains are commonly used in modern chain surveying due to their ease of use and standard metric measurements.
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What is the length of a standard metric chain used in surveying?
A · 20 meters
The standard length of a metric chain used in surveying is 20 meters.
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Which of the following is a correct specification of a metric chain?
C · 20 m length, 200 links, each link 10 cm
A metric chain of 20 m length consists of 200 links, each link being 10 cm long.
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Which method is commonly used in chain surveying for measuring inaccessible distances?
A · Offsetting
Offsetting is used to measure distances that cannot be measured directly by chain due to obstacles.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain survey station with offsets. What is the length of the perpendicular offset from the chain line to the point P if the chain line is AB and the offset is marked as 4 m?
A · 4 meters
The perpendicular offset length is the distance from the chain line to the point, which is 4 meters as shown.
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Which of the following is a hard-level difficulty question related to methods and procedures of chain surveying?
A · Calculate the total length of the chain line given the offsets and chain measurements as per the diagram
Calculating total length using offsets and chain measurements involves application and analysis, making it a hard-level question.
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Which of the following is a common error in chain surveying caused by incorrect alignment of the chain?
A · Wrong ranging
Wrong ranging occurs when the chain is not properly aligned between stations, leading to inaccurate measurements.
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Which obstacle in chain surveying is caused by a depression or ditch between two stations?
C · Depression obstacle
A depression obstacle is a low-lying area such as a ditch or hollow that interrupts the chain line.
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Which of the following errors can be minimized by using a plumb bob during chain surveying?
C · Error due to chain not being vertical
A plumb bob ensures that the chain is held vertically at the ends, minimizing vertical alignment errors.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain line with an obstacle. Which method should be used to measure the distance across the obstacle?
A · By offsetting
Offsetting is used to measure distances across obstacles where direct chaining is not possible.
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Which field technique is used to ensure the chain is horizontal during measurement on uneven ground?
D · Using a level or spirit level
A level or spirit level is used to ensure the chain is horizontal, especially on uneven or sloping ground.
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Which of the following is a medium difficulty question related to field work techniques in chain surveying?
A · How to apply corrections for chain sagging during measurement
Applying corrections for chain sagging requires understanding of the physical behavior of the chain and is a medium difficulty procedural question.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain line with a slope. If the slope distance measured is 25 m and the vertical height difference is 3 m, what is the horizontal distance between the two points?
A · 24.82 m
Horizontal distance \( = \sqrt{(25)^2 - (3)^2} = \sqrt{625 - 9} = \sqrt{616} = 24.82 \) m approximately.
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Which of the following is NOT a step involved in plotting a chain survey field book data?
C · Calculating angular measurements
Chain surveying does not involve angular measurements; plotting is done using linear measurements and offsets.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a plotted chain survey with base line AB and offsets. What is the length of the offset from point P to the base line if the scale is 1:100 and the plotted offset measures 3 cm on paper?
A · 3 meters
At a scale of 1:100, 1 cm on paper represents 1 meter on ground. Thus, 3 cm corresponds to 3 meters.
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Which of the following computations is essential for correcting chain survey measurements affected by slope?
A · Horizontal distance calculation
Slope distances must be converted to horizontal distances to ensure accuracy in plotting and computations.
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Which of the following best defines chain surveying?
A · A method of surveying using a chain for measuring distances on the ground
Chain surveying is a method of surveying in which distances on the ground are measured using a chain or tape.
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Which principle is primarily followed in chain surveying?
B · Measurement of linear distances on the ground
Chain surveying is based on the principle of measuring linear distances on the ground using a chain or tape.
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Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of chain surveying?
C · Only angular measurements are required
Chain surveying primarily involves linear measurements, not angular measurements, which are used in triangulation.
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Which equipment is essential for chain surveying?
A · Chain, ranging rods, and arrows
Chain, ranging rods, and arrows are basic equipment used in chain surveying for measuring and marking points.
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What is the purpose of arrows in chain surveying equipment?
B · To mark the points on the ground during measurement
Arrows are pointed metal rods used to mark points on the ground where measurements are taken.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a metric chain used in surveying?
A · Length of 20 meters with 100 links
A standard metric chain is 20 meters long and consists of 100 links, each 20 cm long.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain with links and handles. What is the length of each link if the total chain length is 30 m and it has 150 links?
A · 0.2 m
Length of each link = Total length / Number of links = 30 m / 150 = 0.2 m
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Which type of chain is most suitable for surveying in rough and uneven terrain?
C · Steel band chain
Steel band chains are more durable and suitable for rough and uneven terrain due to their rigidity and resistance to damage.
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Which method of chaining is used when the line to be measured is straight and unobstructed?
A · Direct chaining
Direct chaining is used when the line is straight and free from obstacles, allowing direct measurement with the chain.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain line obstructed by a pond. Which method of chaining is best suited to measure the line AB?
B · Indirect chaining by offsets
Indirect chaining by offsets is used to measure lines obstructed by obstacles like ponds by measuring accessible offsets.
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Which of the following is an indirect method of chaining?
A · Chaining by offsets
Chaining by offsets is an indirect method used when the line is obstructed and cannot be measured directly.
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Which of the following is a common error in chaining caused by incorrect alignment of the chain?
B · Chain not held straight
If the chain is not held straight and aligned properly, it causes errors in the measured distance.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain laid on a slope. Which correction should be applied to the measured length to get the horizontal distance?
A · Slope correction using \( H = L \cos \theta \)
The horizontal distance \( H \) is calculated from the slope length \( L \) using \( H = L \cos \theta \), where \( \theta \) is the slope angle.
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Which of the following errors in chaining can be classified as a systematic error?
A · Chain being longer than the standard length
A chain longer than the standard length causes a consistent, systematic error in all measurements.
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Which method is used to overcome the obstacle of a deep ditch during chaining?
A · Chaining by offsets
Chaining by offsets allows measurement around obstacles like deep ditches by measuring accessible points and offsets.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain line obstructed by a bush. Which technique is shown to measure the distance AB?
A · Chaining by offsets
The diagram shows chaining by offsets where measurements are taken around the bush using perpendicular offsets.
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Which of the following is NOT a limitation of chain surveying?
C · Requires highly skilled operators
Chain surveying does not require highly skilled operators compared to other surveying methods; it is simple but limited by terrain and area size.
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Which of the following is a typical application of chain surveying?
A · Surveying small plots of land with simple details
Chain surveying is best suited for small, relatively flat areas with simple details, such as small plots of land.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a chain survey field book record. Which symbol represents a well in the survey?
A · Circle with cross inside
In chain survey field books, a well is typically represented by a circle with a cross inside it.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence in plotting chain survey data?
A · Plot main survey lines, mark offsets, then draw details
In chain surveying, main survey lines are plotted first, then offsets are marked, and finally details are drawn.
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Which of the following best defines compass surveying?
B · A method of determining the magnetic bearings of survey lines using a magnetic compass
Compass surveying involves determining the magnetic bearings of survey lines using a magnetic compass to establish directions.
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The main purpose of compass surveying is to determine:
B · The magnetic bearings of survey lines
Compass surveying is primarily used to find the magnetic bearings of survey lines to establish directions on the ground.
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Which of the following instruments is essential for compass surveying?
C · Prismatic compass
The prismatic compass is a key instrument used in compass surveying to measure magnetic bearings.
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Which statement is true about compass surveying?
C · It is suitable for small to medium scale surveys
Compass surveying is generally suitable for small to medium scale surveys due to its moderate accuracy and simplicity.
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Which type of compass is commonly used for surveying in the field due to its portability and ease of use?
A · Prismatic compass
The prismatic compass is widely used in field surveying because it is portable and allows direct reading of bearings through a prism.
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Which compass type has a graduated circular ring and is primarily used for measuring bearings with a telescope attached?
B · Surveyor's compass
The surveyor's compass has a graduated circular ring and is used with a telescope to measure bearings accurately.
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Which of the following compasses is best suited for measuring bearings in forested or rough terrain where visibility is limited?
A · Prismatic compass
The prismatic compass is preferred in rough terrain because it allows quick and direct reading of bearings without the need for a telescope.
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Which compass type is designed to measure azimuths and is equipped with a vertical circle for vertical angle measurement?
C · Transit compass
The transit compass is equipped with a vertical circle and is used to measure both azimuths and vertical angles.
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Which fundamental principle is used in compass surveying to determine the direction of survey lines?
B · Magnetic needle aligns with magnetic meridian
Compass surveying is based on the principle that the magnetic needle aligns itself with the magnetic meridian, indicating direction.
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Which method is commonly used in compass surveying to record the direction of survey lines?
B · Recording magnetic bearings of survey lines
Compass surveying involves recording the magnetic bearings of survey lines to establish their directions.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a prismatic compass with a survey line AB. If the magnetic needle points to 30° and the line AB is aligned with the needle, what is the magnetic bearing of line AB?
A · 30°
The magnetic bearing of line AB is the angle indicated by the magnetic needle when aligned with the line, which is 30°.
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In compass surveying, fore bearing (FB) and back bearing (BB) of a line are related by which of the following formulas when there is no local attraction?
A · BB = FB + 180° (if FB < 180°), else BB = FB - 180°
The back bearing is obtained by adding 180° to the fore bearing if FB is less than 180°, otherwise subtracting 180°.
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If the fore bearing of a survey line is 75°, what is the back bearing assuming no local attraction?
A · 255°
Since 75° < 180°, back bearing = 75° + 180° = 255°.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a closed traverse ABCD with fore bearings and back bearings recorded. If the back bearing of AB is 210°, what is the fore bearing of BA assuming no local attraction?
B · 210°
The fore bearing of BA is the back bearing of AB, which is 210°. The fore bearing of AB is 30°, so the back bearing of AB is 210°.
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Which of the following is the correct method to check local attraction in compass surveying?
A · Comparing fore bearing and back bearing of a line
Local attraction is checked by comparing the fore bearing and back bearing of a line; if the difference is not 180°, local attraction is present.
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If the fore bearing of a line is 40° and the back bearing is 220°, what does this indicate?
A · No local attraction
Since back bearing = fore bearing + 180° (40° + 180° = 220°), there is no local attraction.
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Which of the following is a common method to correct local attraction in compass surveying?
A · Adjusting bearings by averaging fore and back bearings
Local attraction is corrected by adjusting the bearings, often by averaging the fore and back bearings to remove the effect of magnetic disturbances.
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Which of the following steps is essential when plotting a compass survey traverse?
A · Plotting lines using magnetic bearings and measured distances
Plotting a compass survey involves drawing lines according to the magnetic bearings and distances measured between stations.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a traverse ABCD with given bearings and distances. Which point is plotted incorrectly if the traverse does not close properly?
A · Point B
If the traverse does not close, the error is often due to incorrect plotting of one or more points; analysis shows point B is incorrectly plotted here.
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Which of the following is NOT a common error in compass surveying?
D · Vertical angle measurement error
Vertical angle measurement error is not related to compass surveying, which primarily deals with horizontal bearings and distances.
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Which of the following is a remedy to reduce the effect of local attraction during compass surveying?
A · Avoiding magnetic materials near the compass
Local attraction is caused by magnetic disturbances; avoiding magnetic materials near the compass reduces its effect.
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Which error in compass surveying can be minimized by taking bearings in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions and averaging the results?
C · Instrumental error
Instrumental errors can be minimized by taking bearings in both directions and averaging to cancel out systematic errors.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass needle deflected by a local attraction of 5°. If the observed bearing is 70°, what is the corrected bearing?
A · 65°
The corrected bearing is obtained by subtracting the local attraction (5°) from the observed bearing (70°), giving 65°.
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Which of the following is a limitation of compass surveying?
B · It cannot be used in areas with strong local attraction
Compass surveying is limited in areas with strong local attraction as magnetic disturbances affect bearing measurements.
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Which of the following is a typical application of compass surveying?
B · Measuring magnetic bearings for small scale surveys
Compass surveying is typically used to measure magnetic bearings for small to medium scale surveys.
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Which of the following statements about compass surveying is correct?
C · It is quick and economical for reconnaissance surveys
Compass surveying is quick and economical, making it suitable for reconnaissance and preliminary surveys.
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Which of the following errors can be eliminated by using a balanced compass needle?
C · Instrumental error due to needle imbalance
A balanced compass needle eliminates instrumental errors caused by needle imbalance.
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Which of the following is the main cause of local attraction in compass surveying?
A · Presence of magnetic rocks or iron objects near the compass
Local attraction is caused by magnetic materials such as iron objects or magnetic rocks near the compass affecting the needle.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass rose with bearings marked. What is the magnetic bearing of a line pointing exactly northeast?
A · 45°
Northeast corresponds to 45° on the compass rose.
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In compass surveying, which of the following is used to measure the angle between the magnetic meridian and the survey line?
B · Magnetic bearing
Magnetic bearing is the angle measured between the magnetic meridian and the survey line.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in compass surveying?
A · Measuring bearings, chaining distances, plotting traverse
The correct sequence is measuring bearings, chaining distances, and then plotting the traverse.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass survey traverse ABCD with bearings and distances. If the closing error is significant, which of the following is the best method to adjust the traverse?
A · Bowditch method
The Bowditch method is commonly used to adjust traverse closing errors by distributing the error proportionally.
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Which of the following is a major limitation of compass surveying compared to theodolite surveying?
C · Affected by magnetic declination and local attraction
Compass surveying is affected by magnetic declination and local attraction, which limits its accuracy compared to theodolite surveying.
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Which of the following is the correct way to determine the magnetic declination at a survey location?
A · Using a prismatic compass and comparing with true north
Magnetic declination is determined by comparing the magnetic north indicated by a compass with the true north direction.
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Which of the following is NOT an application of compass surveying?
C · Precise cadastral boundary surveys
Precise cadastral surveys require higher accuracy instruments like theodolites; compass surveying is not suitable for such precision.
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Which of the following best describes the term 'local attraction' in compass surveying?
B · Deviation of the compass needle due to nearby magnetic influences
Local attraction is the deviation of the compass needle caused by magnetic influences near the instrument.
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Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of compass surveying?
C · The compass is always aligned with the true north
Compass surveying relies on the magnetic north, not the true north, because the magnetic needle aligns with the magnetic meridian, not the geographic meridian.
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In compass surveying, the term 'fore bearing' refers to the bearing of a survey line measured from:
B · The forward station to the back station
Fore bearing is the bearing of a line measured from the forward station to the back station, i.e., in the direction of survey progress.
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Which type of compass is most suitable for surveying in hilly terrain due to its ability to measure bearings without the needle swinging excessively?
A · Prismatic compass
The prismatic compass has a prism and a sighting vane which allows precise measurement of bearings even in rough terrain by reducing needle oscillations.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a traverse with stations A, B, C, and D. If the fore bearing of line AB is 045° and the back bearing of line BA is 225°, what can be inferred?
A · There is no local attraction affecting the compass
Fore bearing and back bearing should differ by 180° if there is no local attraction. Here, 225° - 45° = 180°, indicating no local attraction.
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Which of the following errors in compass surveying is caused by the presence of nearby iron objects disturbing the magnetic needle?
B · Local attraction
Local attraction occurs due to magnetic influences from nearby iron objects or electric currents, causing deviation in the needle reading.
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In compass surveying, the included angle between two survey lines is calculated by:
C · Taking the difference between the fore bearings of the two lines and adjusting for angles greater than 180°
Included angles are found by taking the difference between fore bearings of consecutive lines; if the difference is greater than 180°, subtract it from 360° to get the angle.
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Which method is commonly used to adjust a closed traverse to eliminate the closing error in compass surveying?
A · Bowditch's method
Bowditch's method (also called the compass rule) is widely used for adjusting closed traverses by distributing the error proportionally to the length of each traverse line.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass traverse with stations P, Q, R, and S. If the back bearing of line QR is 120° and the fore bearing of line RQ is 310°, what does this indicate?
A · Local attraction is affecting station Q or R
Back bearing and fore bearing should differ by 180°. Here, 310° - 120° = 190°, which is not 180°, indicating local attraction.
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Which of the following is NOT a common remedy for errors caused by local attraction in compass surveying?
D · Ignoring the affected bearings
Ignoring affected bearings leads to inaccurate surveys. Proper remedies include avoiding magnetic disturbances and using corrected bearings.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass traverse plot. Which plotting method is illustrated by joining points according to their bearings and distances from the previous station?
B · Traverse method
The traverse method involves plotting points sequentially by using bearings and distances from the previous station, forming the traverse polygon.
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The correction to bearings to account for magnetic declination is applied by:
D · Both A and B depending on declination direction
If magnetic declination is east, add it to magnetic bearing; if west, subtract it to get true bearing.
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Which of the following is a primary source of instrumental error in compass surveying?
A · Incorrect graduation of the compass card
Instrumental errors arise from defects in the instrument itself, such as incorrect graduation of the compass card.
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of chaining and offsets in compass surveying?
B · To measure distances along survey lines and perpendicular distances to features
Chaining measures linear distances along survey lines, while offsets measure perpendicular distances to objects or features from the survey line.
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Which of the following is NOT an application of compass surveying in field work?
C · Measuring vertical angles for leveling
Measuring vertical angles is done by leveling instruments, not by compass surveying which measures horizontal bearings.
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Which of the following types of compass is primarily used for quick reconnaissance surveys where high accuracy is not essential?
C · Plain compass
Plain compass is simple and used for rough surveys or reconnaissance where precision is not critical.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a traverse polygon with stations M, N, O, and P. The bearings and distances are given. Which method would be most suitable to plot this traverse accurately?
A · Coordinate method
The coordinate method uses calculated coordinates from bearings and distances to plot points accurately, suitable for closed traverses.
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Which of the following is the correct formula to calculate the included angle \( \theta \) between two lines with fore bearings \( \alpha \) and \( \beta \)?
A · \( \theta = |\alpha - \beta| \) if \( |\alpha - \beta| < 180^\circ \), else \( 360^\circ - |\alpha - \beta| \)
The included angle is the smaller angle between two lines, calculated by the absolute difference of bearings, adjusted if greater than 180°.
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of errors in chaining during compass surveying?
C · Local attraction
Local attraction affects compass needle readings, not chaining measurements.
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Which of the following best describes the 'closing error' in a compass traverse?
C · The difference between the starting and ending coordinates of a closed traverse
Closing error is the discrepancy between the coordinates of the first and last stations in a closed traverse, indicating accumulated errors.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass rose with marked bearings. Which bearing corresponds to the direction pointing exactly east?
B · 90°
In compass bearings, 0° or 360° is north, 90° is east, 180° is south, and 270° is west.
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Which of the following statements about the prismatic compass is TRUE?
B · It allows simultaneous sighting and reading of bearings
The prismatic compass has a prism that allows the surveyor to sight the object and read the bearing simultaneously, improving accuracy.
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In compass surveying, the term 'local attraction' refers to:
B · The deviation of the magnetic needle due to nearby magnetic materials
Local attraction is the deviation of the magnetic needle caused by nearby magnetic materials or electric currents.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps for adjusting a closed traverse using Bowditch's method?
A · Calculate latitude and departure, find errors, distribute errors proportionally, compute corrected coordinates
Bowditch's method involves calculating latitudes and departures, determining errors, distributing them proportionally to line lengths, and computing corrected coordinates.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a compass traverse with stations A, B, C, and D. The fore bearing of AB is 70°, BC is 160°, CD is 250°, and DA is 340°. Calculate the included angle at station B.
A · 90°
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the surveyor's compass compared to the prismatic compass?
B · It cannot be used for precise sighting
The surveyor's compass lacks a prism for precise sighting, making it less accurate than the prismatic compass.
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Which of the following is the correct procedure to detect local attraction at a station during compass surveying?
A · Compare fore bearing and back bearing of the same line
Local attraction is detected by checking if fore bearing and back bearing of a line differ by exactly 180°. Any deviation indicates local attraction.
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In chaining, an offset is taken to measure:
B · The perpendicular distance from the survey line to an object
Offsets are perpendicular distances measured from the survey line to locate objects or features relative to the line.
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Which of the following errors can be minimized by using a well-calibrated compass and avoiding nearby magnetic disturbances?
B · Local attraction
Local attraction caused by magnetic disturbances can be minimized by avoiding such areas and using properly calibrated instruments.
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Which of the following is the correct way to adjust the bearings affected by local attraction at a particular station?
A · Use the average of fore bearing and back bearing of the affected line
The average of fore and back bearings of the affected line is used to correct bearings influenced by local attraction.
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Which of the following statements about chaining in compass surveying is TRUE?
B · Chaining measures distances along survey lines
Chaining is the process of measuring distances along survey lines using a chain or tape.
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the surveyor's compass?
A · Graduated circle of 360° with four cardinal points
The surveyor's compass has a 360° graduated circle marked with four cardinal points (N, E, S, W).
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Which of the following is NOT a method to plot compass survey data?
D · Levelling method
Levelling method is used for vertical measurements, not for plotting compass survey data.
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Which of the following is the main reason for the compass needle to not point exactly to the geographic north?
B · Magnetic declination
Magnetic declination is the angle between geographic north (true north) and magnetic north, causing the needle to deviate.
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In compass surveying, the term 'chaining' refers to:
B · Measuring distances between stations
Chaining is the process of measuring horizontal distances between survey stations using a chain or tape.
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Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the back bearing (BB) from the fore bearing (FB) when FB is 75°?
A · BB = FB + 180° = 255°
Back bearing is fore bearing plus 180° if fore bearing is less than 180°. So, BB = 75° + 180° = 255°.
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Which of the following is NOT a typical application of compass surveying?
D · Determining magnetic declination
Determining magnetic declination requires specialized instruments and is not an application of compass surveying.
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Which of the following is the main advantage of using the prismatic compass over the surveyor's compass?
B · It provides more accurate bearings due to direct sighting
The prismatic compass allows direct sighting of the object and simultaneous reading of bearings, improving accuracy.
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Which of the following best describes the principle of plane table surveying?
A · Surveying is done by directly plotting the field observations on the drawing sheet
Plane table surveying involves plotting the details of the field directly on the drawing sheet during the survey itself, which is its fundamental principle.
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Which of the following is NOT a principle of plane table surveying?
A · All points are plotted from a single station
In plane table surveying, points are plotted from multiple stations, not from a single station only.
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What is the main advantage of plane table surveying compared to chain surveying?
B · It provides immediate plotting of details in the field
The key advantage of plane table surveying is that it allows immediate plotting of the survey details in the field, reducing errors and saving time.
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Which of the following is NOT a standard equipment used in plane table surveying?
C · Theodolite
Theodolite is not used in plane table surveying; it is used in theodolite surveying. Plane table surveying uses alidade, spirit level, and plumb bob among other equipment.
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What is the function of the alidade in plane table surveying?
C · To sight and draw lines to survey points
The alidade is used to sight the object or station and simultaneously draw the line of sight on the plane table sheet.
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Which equipment is used to ensure the plane table is perfectly horizontal during setup?
B · Spirit level
The spirit level is used to check and adjust the plane table so that it is perfectly horizontal.
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In the radiation method of plane table surveying, how are the points located?
B · By measuring distances and drawing rays from a single station
In the radiation method, the surveyor plots points by measuring distances and drawing rays from a single station point.
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In the intersection method of plane table surveying, the location of a point is determined by:
B · Drawing rays from two known stations intersecting at the point
The intersection method involves plotting a point by drawing rays from two known stations; the intersection of these rays locates the point.
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Which method of plane table surveying is most suitable for surveying an area with inaccessible points?
B · Intersection method
The intersection method is suitable for inaccessible points because points are located by sighting from two accessible stations.
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In the traversing method of plane table surveying, which of the following is essential for plotting the traverse accurately?
B · Orienting the plane table at each station
In traversing, the plane table must be oriented at each station to ensure that the plotted traverse is accurate.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a plane table setup with stations A, B, and C. If the plane table is set up at station A and oriented, which method is being demonstrated?
A · Radiation method
Setting up the plane table at a single station and plotting points by drawing rays from that station is the radiation method.
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In the resection method of plane table surveying, how is the position of the plane table determined?
B · By drawing rays from the plane table to three known points and locating the table at their intersection
In resection, the plane table is positioned by sighting three known points and plotting rays; the intersection determines the table's location.
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Which of the following is a correct sequence for setting up the plane table at a station?
B · Fix the table position, level the table, orient the table
The correct sequence is to fix the table position first, then level it, and finally orient the table for accurate surveying.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a plane table with a spirit level and alidade. Which step is being illustrated?
A · Leveling the plane table
The spirit level is used to level the plane table, as shown in the diagram.
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Which of the following is NOT a method to orient the plane table?
C · By leveling the table using a spirit level
Leveling the table ensures it is horizontal but does not orient it; orientation is done by back sighting or compass methods.
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Which of the following errors can be minimized by proper orientation of the plane table?
C · Errors due to magnetic declination
Proper orientation, especially using back sighting, minimizes errors caused by magnetic declination when using a compass.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of plotting in plane table surveying?
B · Setting up table, orientation, plotting points
First, the table is set up at the station, then oriented, and finally points are plotted.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a plotted plane table survey with stations and lines. Which plotting procedure is illustrated here?
C · Plotting by traversing
The diagram shows a connected series of stations with lines joining them, characteristic of traversing.
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Which of the following is a common source of error in plane table surveying?
A · Incorrect leveling of the plane table
Incorrect leveling causes errors in plotting as the plane table is not horizontal, affecting accuracy.
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Which correction is applied to reduce the error caused by the magnetic declination in plane table surveying?
B · Orienting the table by back sighting a known point
Back sighting a known point helps orient the table correctly and reduces errors from magnetic declination.
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Which of the following errors can be minimized by using a plumb bob during plane table surveying?
B · Error in fixing the table position over the station mark
The plumb bob is used to ensure that the table is positioned exactly over the station mark, minimizing positional errors.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of plane table surveying?
C · Requires less skill compared to chain surveying
Plane table surveying requires considerable skill, especially in setting up and orienting the table, so it is not less skill-demanding than chain surveying.
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In which of the following applications is plane table surveying most commonly used?
B · Preliminary survey for engineering projects
Plane table surveying is commonly used for preliminary surveys where quick plotting and moderate accuracy are sufficient.
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Which of the following is a limitation of plane table surveying?
B · It is not suitable for very large or inaccessible areas
Plane table surveying is not suitable for very large or inaccessible areas due to the difficulty in setting up and orienting the table at multiple stations.
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Which of the following best describes the principle of plane table surveying?
B · Field observations and plotting are done simultaneously
Plane table surveying involves simultaneous field observation and plotting on a drawing board, allowing immediate visualization of the survey.
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In plane table surveying, the term 'orientation' refers to:
B · Aligning the plane table with the magnetic north or a reference line
Orientation is the process of aligning the plane table to a known direction, usually magnetic north or a reference line, to ensure accurate plotting.
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Which of the following is NOT a principle of plane table surveying?
C · Theodolite is used for angular measurements
Theodolite is not used in plane table surveying; instead, alidades are used for sighting and plotting points.
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Which equipment is essential for plane table surveying?
A · Plane table, alidade, leveling screws, and drawing board
Plane table, alidade, leveling screws, and drawing board are the primary equipment used in plane table surveying.
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The function of the alidade in plane table surveying is to:
C · Sight and draw lines of sight to survey points
The alidade is a sighting device used to view survey points and draw lines of sight directly on the drawing sheet.
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Which equipment is used to ensure the plane table is horizontal during setup?
B · Leveling screws and spirit level
Leveling screws and a spirit level are used to adjust and ensure the plane table is perfectly horizontal.
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In the radiation method of plane table surveying, the surveyor:
B · Measures distances and plots points from a single station
Radiation method involves measuring distances and plotting points from a single station by sighting with the alidade.
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The intersection method in plane table surveying is used when:
B · The position of a point is determined by sighting it from two known stations
In the intersection method, the position of an unknown point is found by drawing lines of sight from two known stations; their intersection locates the point.
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Which method of plane table surveying involves plotting successive stations connected by lines to form a closed figure?
C · Traversing
Traversing involves moving from one station to another, plotting points and lines to form a closed traverse for accurate surveying.
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In the resection method, the position of the plane table is determined by:
B · Plotting lines of sight from the plane table to at least two known points
Resection involves locating the plane table position by sighting and plotting lines to at least two known points; their intersection gives the table's position.
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Which of the following is a major advantage of the radiation method over the intersection method?
C · It allows plotting points directly from a single station
Radiation method allows the surveyor to plot points directly from a single station by measuring distances and sighting points, making it faster in some cases.
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Refer to the diagram below. If the plane table is set up at station A and oriented correctly, which method is being demonstrated?
A · Radiation
The diagram shows lines radiating from a single station to various points, characteristic of the radiation method.
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Which step is NOT involved when setting up the plane table in the field?
D · Measuring the height of the instrument from the ground
Measuring the height of the instrument is not a standard step in setting up the plane table; leveling, orientation, and firm fixing are essential.
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Which of the following is a correct sequence in setting up the plane table for surveying?
C · Fix the table, level it, orient it
The proper sequence is to fix the table firmly on the tripod, level it using leveling screws, and then orient it to a reference direction.
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Refer to the diagram below. Which method of orientation is shown if the plane table is aligned with the magnetic north using a compass?
A · Magnetic needle method
Aligning the plane table with magnetic north using a compass is called the magnetic needle method of orientation.
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Which plotting procedure is followed after field observations in plane table surveying?
B · Drawing lines of sight and measuring distances on the drawing sheet
In plane table surveying, plotting is done simultaneously in the field by drawing lines of sight and measuring distances directly on the drawing sheet.
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Which of the following errors is most likely to occur during plane table surveying?
A · Instrumental error due to faulty leveling screws
Instrumental errors such as faulty leveling screws can cause the plane table to be improperly leveled, leading to plotting inaccuracies.
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Refer to the diagram below. If the plane table is not properly leveled, what type of error is introduced in the survey?
A · Systematic error
Improper leveling causes systematic errors as it consistently affects all measurements in a predictable manner.
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Which of the following is a limitation of plane table surveying?
B · It is not suitable for large-scale surveys
Plane table surveying is generally not suitable for large-scale or very extensive surveys due to practical difficulties in maintaining accuracy over large areas.
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One major advantage of plane table surveying is that:
C · It provides immediate plotting and visualization of the survey
Plane table surveying allows for immediate plotting of points in the field, enabling quick visualization and verification.
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Which application is NOT typically suited for plane table surveying?
C · Detailed cadastral surveys of large cities
Detailed cadastral surveys of large cities require high precision and are usually done by more advanced methods than plane table surveying.
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Refer to the diagram below. Which plotting technique is being illustrated if points are plotted by joining lines from successive stations forming a closed polygon?
C · Traversing method
The diagram shows a closed polygon formed by joining successive stations, characteristic of the traversing method.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of a theodolite instrument?
D · Prism compass
A prism compass is not a component of a theodolite. Theodolite components include the telescope, vertical circle, horizontal circle, level tube, and others.
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Which type of theodolite is most commonly used for precise surveying work?
A · Transit Theodolite
Transit theodolites allow the telescope to be flipped over the horizontal axis, enabling measurement of vertical angles and precise horizontal angles, making them suitable for precise surveying.
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Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between a transit and a non-transit theodolite?
A · Transit theodolite allows rotation of the telescope about the horizontal axis; non-transit does not
The key difference is that a transit theodolite allows the telescope to be flipped over the horizontal axis for vertical angle measurement, whereas a non-transit theodolite does not.
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The fundamental principle of theodolite surveying is based on which of the following?
B · Measurement of horizontal and vertical angles by rotating the telescope about vertical and horizontal axes
Theodolite surveying is based on measuring horizontal and vertical angles by rotating the telescope about vertical and horizontal axes.
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Which of the following best describes the role of the vertical circle in a theodolite?
B · To measure vertical angles
The vertical circle is used to measure vertical angles (angles of elevation or depression) in theodolite surveying.
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In theodolite surveying, the horizontal axis is always perpendicular to which of the following?
A · Vertical axis
The horizontal axis is perpendicular to the vertical axis, allowing the telescope to rotate vertically.
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Which of the following is NOT a permanent adjustment of a theodolite?
C · Focusing the telescope eyepiece
Focusing the telescope eyepiece is a temporary adjustment done before measurement, not a permanent adjustment.
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Refer to the diagram below showing the adjustment of the horizontal axis. Which adjustment is being performed?
B · Adjustment of the horizontal axis to be perpendicular to the vertical axis
The diagram illustrates the adjustment ensuring the horizontal axis is perpendicular to the vertical axis, a permanent adjustment.
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Which temporary adjustment is performed to ensure the telescope is horizontal before measuring horizontal angles?
C · Leveling the instrument using the plate level
Leveling the instrument using the plate level is a temporary adjustment to ensure the telescope is horizontal before measuring horizontal angles.
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Which permanent adjustment of the theodolite corrects the line of sight to be perpendicular to the horizontal axis?
B · Adjustment of the line of collimation
The adjustment of the line of collimation ensures the line of sight (telescope axis) is perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
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Refer to the diagram below showing the measurement of a horizontal angle by the repetition method. What is the main advantage of this method?
A · It reduces the effect of instrumental errors by repeated measurements
The repetition method involves measuring the same angle multiple times and summing the readings to reduce instrumental and observational errors.
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Which of the following is a key difference between the repetition and reiteration methods of horizontal angle measurement?
A · Repetition measures the same angle multiple times at one station; reiteration measures angles at multiple stations
Repetition involves measuring the same angle repeatedly at one station to reduce errors, while reiteration involves measuring several angles at different stations and summing them.
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In the transit method of theodolite surveying, what is the purpose of transiting the telescope?
A · To measure vertical angles by flipping the telescope over the horizontal axis
Transiting the telescope means flipping it over the horizontal axis to measure vertical angles accurately.
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Which of the following is a common source of error in vertical angle measurement using a theodolite?
C · Improper leveling of the instrument
Improper leveling causes the vertical axis not to be truly vertical, leading to errors in vertical angle measurement.
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Which of the following corrections must be applied to the measured vertical angle if the theodolite is not perfectly leveled?
B · Horizontal axis error correction
If the theodolite is not perfectly leveled, horizontal axis error occurs and must be corrected to obtain accurate vertical angles.
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Which method of theodolite surveying involves measuring the same angle multiple times and averaging to reduce errors?
B · Repetition method
The repetition method involves measuring the same angle repeatedly and averaging to minimize errors.
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Which of the following best describes the reiteration method of theodolite surveying?
B · Measuring a series of angles at different stations and summing them
The reiteration method measures a series of angles at different stations and sums them to check for closure and accuracy.
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Which of the following is NOT a common source of error in theodolite surveying?
C · Chain sag error
Chain sag error is related to chaining and distance measurement, not theodolite surveying which primarily involves angular measurements.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a theodolite with collimation error. Which correction should be applied to the observed angle \( \theta_o \) to obtain the true angle \( \theta_t \)?
A · \( \theta_t = \theta_o + 2e \), where \( e \) is the collimation error
Collimation error causes the observed angle to deviate by \( e \) on each sight, so the total correction is \( 2e \).
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Which of the following corrections is necessary when the theodolite's vertical circle index is not set to zero at the horizontal position?
A · Vertical circle index correction
If the vertical circle index is not zeroed at horizontal, a vertical circle index correction must be applied to vertical angle measurements.
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Which of the following is a typical application of theodolite surveying in field work?
A · Measuring horizontal and vertical angles for triangulation
Theodolites are primarily used to measure horizontal and vertical angles for triangulation and precise layout in surveying.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a typical field setup for theodolite surveying. Which of the following is essential for accurate angle measurement?
A · The instrument must be centered exactly over the station point
Centering the instrument exactly over the station point ensures accurate angular measurements and correct referencing.
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Which of the following is NOT an application of theodolite surveying in civil engineering field work?
C · Measuring soil moisture content
Measuring soil moisture content is not related to theodolite surveying; it is a geotechnical test.
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Which of the following best defines levelling in surveying?
B · Determination of relative heights of points
Levelling is the process of determining the relative heights of different points on the earth's surface.
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Which instrument is primarily used for levelling in surveying?
C · Level
The level is the instrument specifically designed for levelling to measure height differences.
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The line of sight in levelling is always assumed to be:
B · Horizontal
In levelling, the line of sight is assumed to be horizontal to measure height differences accurately.
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Which of the following statements about levelling is correct?
B · Levelling is used to find the difference in elevation between points
Levelling is specifically used to determine the difference in elevation between points.
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Which type of level uses a telescope with a spirit bubble attached to it for horizontal line of sight?
A · Dumpy Level
The dumpy level has a fixed telescope with a spirit bubble attached to ensure a horizontal line of sight.
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Which level instrument automatically compensates for small tilts of the instrument?
C · Auto Level
Auto levels have an internal compensator that automatically adjusts the line of sight to horizontal.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of levelling instrument?
C · Theodolite
Theodolite is primarily used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, not levelling.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a dumpy level setup. Which part is used to focus the telescope on the levelling staff?
B · Focusing knob
The focusing knob is used to adjust the telescope focus on the levelling staff for a clear reading.
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What is the primary purpose of a levelling staff in surveying?
B · To measure vertical distances or height differences
The levelling staff is graduated to measure vertical height differences from the line of sight.
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Which accessory is used to hold the levelling staff vertically during levelling?
C · Plumb bob
A plumb bob is used to ensure the levelling staff is held perfectly vertical.
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The levelling staff is graduated in:
B · Meters and centimeters
Levelling staffs are graduated in meters and centimeters to measure height differences accurately.
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Which of the following is NOT an accessory used in levelling?
D · Theodolite
Theodolite is a separate instrument used for angle measurements, not an accessory for levelling.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a levelling staff with graduations. What is the reading at point X on the staff?
D · 1.45 m
Based on the diagram's scale and markings, the reading at point X corresponds to 1.45 m.
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Which method of levelling is most suitable for determining the difference in elevation between two points that are far apart and not intervisible?
C · Reciprocal levelling
Reciprocal levelling is used when two points are far apart and intervisibility is obstructed.
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In which levelling method are back sight and fore sight readings taken at every station to reduce errors?
B · Differential levelling
Differential levelling involves taking back sight and fore sight readings at each station to find height differences.
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Which levelling method is used to determine the elevations of points along a line such as a road or canal?
B · Profile levelling
Profile levelling is used to determine elevations along a line for design and construction purposes.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a levelling setup with stations A, B, and C. If the back sight at A is 1.5 m and the fore sight at B is 2.0 m, what is the height difference between A and B?
B · -0.5 m
Height difference = Back sight - Fore sight = 1.5 m - 2.0 m = -0.5 m, indicating B is higher than A by 0.5 m.
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Which of the following is an advantage of fly levelling?
B · Quick and simple for approximate height differences
Fly levelling is a quick method used for approximate height differences over short distances.
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What is the main purpose of booking levels during levelling?
A · To record staff readings and calculate height differences
Booking levels involves recording staff readings systematically to compute relative elevations.
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In the height of collimation method, the height of the instrument (HI) is calculated as:
A · Reduced level + Back sight
HI = RL of point + Back sight reading; it is the height of the line of sight above the datum.
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Refer to the level book extract below. If the RL of the first point is 100 m, what is the RL of point C?
| Station | Back Sight (BS) | Fore Sight (FS) |
|---|
| A | 1.5 | 2.0 |
| B | 1.8 | 1.2 |
| C | 1.3 | --- |
B · 98.3 m
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Which of the following corrections is necessary when levelling over long distances?
B · Curvature and refraction correction
Curvature of the earth and atmospheric refraction affect long-distance levelling and require correction.
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The formula for curvature correction in levelling is approximately:
A · \( C = \frac{d^2}{2R} \)
Curvature correction \( C = \frac{d^2}{2R} \), where \( d \) is distance and \( R \) is earth's radius.
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Refer to the diagram below showing the effect of earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction on the line of sight. Which of the following statements is correct?
B · Refraction bends the line of sight downwards, reducing the curvature effect
Atmospheric refraction bends the line of sight downwards, partially compensating for earth's curvature.
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Which of the following is a systematic error in levelling?
B · Earth's curvature effect
Earth's curvature causes a systematic error affecting all measurements similarly.
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Which error in levelling can be minimized by taking reciprocal readings?
C · Collimation error
Reciprocal levelling helps eliminate collimation error by averaging readings from both ends.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a levelling instrument with a tilted line of sight. Which error is illustrated here?
A · Collimation error
A tilted line of sight causes collimation error, where the line of sight is not truly horizontal.
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Which of the following is NOT an application of levelling?
C · Measuring horizontal distances
Measuring horizontal distances is done by chaining or EDM, not levelling.
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Which levelling application involves determining the slope and elevation profile along a proposed road alignment?
B · Profile levelling
Profile levelling is used to obtain elevations along a line for road or canal design.
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Refer to the diagram below showing contour lines on a terrain map. What does the close spacing of contour lines indicate?
B · Steep slope
Close contour lines indicate a steep slope as elevation changes rapidly over a short distance.
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Which of the following applications of levelling is essential for designing sewer lines?
C · Differential levelling
Differential levelling is used to determine precise height differences needed for sewer line gradients.
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Which of the following is a limitation of levelling in surveying?
D · All of the above
Levelling is limited by the need for line of sight, curvature/refraction corrections, and does not measure horizontal distances.
